Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of silicon (Si) on the cultivation and quality of raspberries (Rubus idaeus). The experiment consisted of seven treatments and four blocks located in a subtropical region. Each plot consisted of three pots with one seedling of 'Batum' raspberry. In each pot, the treatment consisted of Si doses at 0, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800, or 1600 mg dm-3, which were applied to the soil 15 days after the transplanting of the seedlings. Field analyses were performed by measuring chlorophyll a and b, water potential, and production. Fruit were analyzed for color, firmness, respiratory rate, soluble solids, and pH. Fertilization with Si stimulates the increase of fruit number and of the raspberry production per plant. The Si application increases the fruit production and fruit firmness; however, it reduces the water potential and respiration rate.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do silício (Si) sobre o cultivo e a qualidade de framboesa (Rubus idaeus). O experimento consistiu de sete tratamentos e quatro blocos em região de clima subtropical. Cada parcela foi composta de três vasos com uma muda da framboeseira 'Batum'. Em cada vaso, o tratamento consistiu de doses de Si a 0, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800 ou 1600 mg dm-3, que foram aplicadas ao solo 15 dias após o transplante das mudas. As análises de campo foram realizadas pela medição de clorofilas a e b, potencial hídrico e produção. Os frutos foram analisados quanto à cor, firmeza, taxa respiratória, sólidos solúveis e pH. A adubação com Si estimula o aumento do número de frutos e da produção de framboesa por planta. O silício promove o aumento da produção e a firmeza dos frutos, no entanto, reduz o potencial hídrico e a taxa de respiração.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a indução de organogênese indireta por concentrações de ácido diclorofenoxiacético (2,4-D) e tidiazurom (TDZ) em explantes de pitaia (Hylocereus undatus), por meio de microscopia eletrônica de varredura e da técnica de citometria de fluxo. Os tratamentos consistiram das concentrações de 0, 2,0 e 4,0 mg L-1 de 2,4-D e TDZ e das combinações desses reguladores. Avaliaram-se as percentagens de cobertura de calos aos 45 e 60 dias. Os explantes submetidos aos tratamentos foram analizados por citometria de fluxo e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Todos os tratamentos induziram endorreduplicação, e não houve variação somaclonal. Na combinação de 2,0 mg L-1 TDZ e 4,0 mg L-1 2,4-D, calos foram formados em 95% dos explantes, mas foram menores do que os produzidos com 2,4-D separadamente. A concentração de 2,0 mg L-1 de TDZ induz organogênese indireta em explantes de pitaia, comprovada pela presença de vasos condutores por meio da microscopia eletrônica de varredura.

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the induction of indirect organogenesis by concentrations of dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and thidiazuron (TDZ) in pitaya (Hylocereus undatus) explants, using scanning electron microscopy and the flow cytometry technique. The treatments consisted of the concentrations of 0, 2.0, and 4.0 mg L-1 2,4-D and TDZ and of the combinations of these regulators. Percentages of callus coverage at 45 and 60 days were evaluated. The explants subjected to the treatments were analized by flow cytometry and scanning electron microscopy. All treatments induced endoreduplication, and there was no somaclonal variation. Under the combination of 2.0 mg L-1 TDZ and 4.0 mg L-1 2,4-D, calluses were formed in 95% of the explants, but were smaller than those produced with 2,4-D separately. The concentration of 2.0 mg L-1 TDZ induces the indirect organogenesis in pitaya explants, confirmed by the presence of conducting vessels through scanning electron microscopy.

Abstract Due to its high medicinal and nutritional values, blackberries have become increasingly interesting to producers and consumers. People are looking for healthier options to consume sugar with greater nutritional enrichment. However, replacement of the type of sugar is associated with significant changes in some parameters, finding suitable replacements that result in satisfactory products can be challenging. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of different sugars (white refined sugar, white crystal sugar, demerara sugar, brown sugar and coconut sugar) on the physicochemical, physical and sensory aspects of blackberry juices and jellies. The type of sugar influenced the physicochemical and physical characteristics of blackberry jelly and juice, which reflected the differences in acceptability of the final product. Information on the type of sugar and its benefits influenced the sensory acceptance of blackberry jelly and juice.

Abstract A total of 40 lambs were divided into four different treatments according to the inclusion level of the macadamia nut cake: C-control (0%), M1 (6.5%), M2 (12%) and M3 (20%). Feed was provided twice a day; animal weighing along with body condition scoring occurred within a 14-day interval. The lambs were slaughtered at the end of the performance test. Analysis of variance was performed through the Mixed procedure of the SAS, as well as linear and quadratic regression analysis. The groups presented differences between the treatments (P <0.05) for dry matter intake (DMI), ethereal extract intake (EEI), consumption in relation to live weight percentage and feed conversion ratio (FCR). The lowest mean DMI was obtained by the animals that received the M2 and differed from the C treatment, whose average was the highest. The EEI was highest for the M3 group and the FCR was also better for this group. There was a linear effect for EEI and FCR, and quadratic for crude protein intake. There was no effect for carcass characteristics, and only initial pH had a decreasing linear effect. The macadamia nut cake was effective in promoting the performance of the animals, since there was an improvement in feed conversion.

Resumo Plantas ruderais são importante componente da diversidade urbana, mas principalmente do ecossistema agrícola, como fonte de ração animal (e.g., apicultura, forragem, pasto) e na alimentação humana. As plantas ruderais costumam apresentar várias estratégias reprodutivas que ajudam a garantir sua perpetuação em ambientes perturbados (e.g., cultivos). Investigamos a reprodução sexuada e regeneração por rebrota da forrageira Macroptillium lathyroides em área antropizada para auxiliar no manejo da espécie após corte ou pastejo e seus requisitos para produção de sementes em áreas antropizadas e otimizar as condições de uso econômico dessa espécie. Avaliamos a ocorrência de reprodução vegetativa por regeneração (rebrota), dependência de polinizadores e presença de polinizadores na área de estudo. M. lathyroides possui um sistema axial subterrâneo capaz de regenerar, mas não de propagação vegetativa. Suas flores duram cerca de oito horas e são papilionadas, assimétricas, hermafroditas, nectaríferas, vináceas e diurnas. Elas têm apresentação secundária de pólen, que é apresentado por tricomas do estilete. A espécie é autocompatível e apresenta autopolinização espontânea (autônoma). A pequena abelha Exomalopsis cf. auropilosa foi o único polinizador que ativa o mecanismo de polinização (tipo escova) enquanto coleta néctar e pólen. A reprodução por rebrota é a estratégia importante para manter as plantas em ambientes perturbados ou após pastejo. No entanto, a espécie depende de sementes para propagação ou manutenção de um banco de sementes, uma vez que nem todas são capazes de rebrota. Assim, a reprodução sexual através da polinização é necessária, embora M. lathyroides independe de polinizador para produção de sementes.

Abstract Ruderal plants are important they are used for animal (e.g., beekeeping/pasture) and human food. Many of these plants present multiple reproductive strategies that ensure that they remain in disturbed environments. Therefore, we investigated the sexual reproduction and regeneration by regrowth of the forage ruderal Macroptillium lathyroides in an anthropized area to support management of this species after cutting or grazing and determine its requirements for seed production and conditions for commercial use. We assessed the occurrence of reproduction through regeneration and species dependence on pollinators. M. lathyroides has an axial underground system capable of regrowth but not propagation post-cut. Its flowers last about eight hours and are papilionate, asymmetrical, hermaphrodite, nectariferous, vinaceous and diurnal. They present secondary pollen that is transferred to the trichomes of the style. The species is self-compatible and presents spontaneous self-pollination. The small bee Exomalopsis cf. auropilosa, was the only pollinator since it activated the brush-type pollination mechanism while gathering nectar/pollen. The species depends on seeds to propagate or maintain a seed bank, since all plants do not regrow after cutting. Thus, sexual reproduction is necessary, but pollinators are not since it is not pollinator independent.

ABSTRACT Ecological restoration by direct seeding in the Cerrado biome still lacks information about native species germination, the need for dormancy overcoming and seed bank formation. This study aims to verify the effects of dormancy overcoming on germination of four tree species and the ability of 12 tree species to form seed banks for restoration use. Our results showed wide variation of species’ germination rates. Overcoming dormancy enhanced germination for Dimorphandra mollis, Hymenaea stigonocarpa, and Peltophorum dubium and decreased it for Copaifera langsdorffii, but was only cost-effective for H. stigonocarpa. Regarding the ability to form seed banks, only H. stigonocarpa and Cecropia pachystachya germinated and live seedlings of Terminalia corrugata were found after being buried for six months, thus forming a transient seed bank. Despite the fact that overcoming dormancy may optimize germination after direct seeding, maintaining dormancy mechanisms of species that can form seed banks could be essential for species establishment over time in restoration areas. Hence, our key decision criteria based on seed costs and seed and labor availability would be useful for the seeding actions of restoration practitioners.

ABSTRACT. Pitaya species cultivation in Brazil is recent, and information on the production of the species Selenicereus megalanthus, known as yellow pitaya, is non-existent because research in the country has focused on the species Hylocereus undatus. The research was carried out with the objective of evaluating the reproductive phenology of the species S. megalanthus, in a high-altitude climate conditions in Brazil. The study orchard of yellow pitaya was located at an altitude of 726 metres, 18º 04' 15" S latitude and 43º 28' 15" W longitude, and has an Aw climate, classified as high-altitude tropical. Phenological evaluations were carried out through visual observations, from the beginning of floral button formation until the end of the fruit harvest, during three production cycles. On each plant, flower buds were marked to determine the time from floral button formation until flower anthesis and from flower fertilisation until fruit ripening. The period of flowering and harvesting of the yellow pitaya was determined according to the phenological stage records. Flowering began in the spring, with successive flowering events until the autumn. The time between floral button formation until anthesis ranged from 46 to 55 days. The time from flower fertilisation until fruit ripening ranged from 96 to 110 days. Fruit harvest began in the summer and ended in winter. The reproductive cycle of S. megalanthus is longer than H. undatus and H. polyrhizus, which are also cultivated in Brazil, ranging from 147 to 166 days from floral button formation to fruit harvest.

Resumo Em contraste com o conhecimento sobre a maturação de frutos climatéricos, a maturação de frutos não climatéricos ainda é pouco entendida. Neste sentido, o morangueiro (Fragaria x ananassa) é uma cultura de elevado valor comercial e expressiva produção mundial que vem sendo utilizada como modelo de estudos. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito sobre as características físico-químicas e fitoquímicas do morango Cv. Camiño Real, em quatro estádios de maturação (verde, branco, rosa e vermelho), após o spray exógeno de etileno (Etephon®) e brassinoesteroide (epibrassinolide). As avaliações foram realizadas no momento da aplicação (ensaio de campo) e após 24 h (ensaio pós-colheita). A aplicação de brassinoesteroide reduz o conteúdo de compostos fenólicos no estádio vermelho, enquanto o tratamento com etileno aumenta. Assim, supõe-se que, enquanto os brassinoesteroides diminuem a concentração de compostos fenólicos, atuando na conservação dos frutos pela redução do estresse oxidativo e pelo aumento da atividade antioxidante, o etileno age acelerando o amadurecimento do fruto, levando à senescência. No entanto, para o conteúdo de vitamina C, enquanto o tratamento com brassinoesteroide aumenta o ácido ascórbico na pós-colheita em frutos brancos, o tratamento de etileno aumentou dramaticamente o conteúdo de vitamina C em frutos vermelhos, mostrando que, embora o etileno e os brassinoesterideos possam afetar o conteúdo de vitamina C, a resposta pode mudar de acordo com o estádio de desenvolvimento, sugerindo que são necessários mais estudos para compreender a interação hormonal para a produção de ácido ascórbico durante o amadurecimento de morangos.

Abstract In contrast to ripening of climacteric fruits knowledge, non-climacteric fruits ripening still poorly understood. In this sense, strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa L. Duch) is a high commercial crop and has an expressive world production that has been used as a model study. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect on physicochemical and phytochemical characteristics of strawberry Cv. Camiño Real, in four maturation stages (green, white, pink and red) after the ethylene (Etephon®) and brassinosteroid (epi-brassinolide) exogenous spray. The evaluations were carried out at application time (field assay) and after 24h (post-harvest assay). Brassinosteroid application tends to reduce phenolic compounds content mainly in the red stage, whereas ethylene treatment tends to increase supposing that while brassinosteroids reduce phenolic compounds acting to fruit conservation, by the reduction of oxidative stress, increasing antioxidant activity, the ethylene act in fruit ripening leading to senescence. However, for vitamin C content while brassinosteroid treatment increases ascorbic acid in postharvest for the white fruit, the ethylene treatment do a dramatically increased in vitamin C content to red fruits, showing that although ethylene and brassinosteroids can affect the vitamin C content, the response can change according to the development stage spray, suggesting that more studies are necessary to understand the hormonal interaction for ascorbic acid production during strawberry ripening.

A embriocultura permite desenvolver embriões de sementes que não germinariam em condições convencionais de semeadura. Esta técnica é útil na obtenção de cultivares de pessegueiro com maturação precoce. O uso de genótipos diferentes faz com que sejam necessários ajustes ao protocolo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi testar quatro tipos de meio de cultura (WPM, SH, MS e SBH), em duas concentrações de sacarose (1,5 e 3%), a fim de avaliar qual a melhor combinação para o cultivo de embriões de pessegueiro in vitro. Os genótipos utilizados como modelo do estudo foram 'Conserva 1129', em 2009, e 'Conserva 844', em 2010. Avaliaram-se a germinação, o desenvolvimento na fase in vitro, o comprimento de caule, número de folhas, sobrevivência das plântulas e formação de rosetas, em casa de vegetação. Considerando as condições em que os experimentos foram conduzidos, pode-se concluir que a estratificação e a germinação de embriões imaturos de pessegueiro in vitro melhoram quando realizadas em meios com maior concentração salina e de sacarose.

The embryo culture technique allows developing embryos of the seeds that could not germinate in conventional planting conditions. This technique is very useful to improve breeding programmes of early-maturing peach cultivars. The use of different genotypes makes to be necessary adjustments to the protocol. The objective of this study was to test four culture medium (WPM, SH, MS and SBH) and two sucrose concentrations (1.5 and 3%) to find the best combination for growing peach embryos in vitro. The genotypes used as a model were 'Conserva 1129', in 2009, and 'Conserva 844', in 2010. There were evaluated the germination (quality of germination and percentage of normal germination) and in vitro development (roots and steam length, and number of leaves and secondary roots); the stem length, leaf number, percentage of embryo survival and formation of rosettes, during greenhouse establishment. Considering the conditions under which the experiments were conducted, it can be concluded that in vitro stratification and germination of immature peach embryos were improved when performed in media with higher salt concentration of sucrose.

Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar as combinações entre o comprimento das nervuras secundárias e principal de folhas na estimativa da área foliar da videira cultivar BRS-Violeta. Realizou-se a coleta aleatória de 200 folhas intactas e completamente desenvolvidas, em uma área de cultivo experimental. Determinaram-se a área foliar real (AFR) e o comprimento das nervuras secundárias (esquerda - direita) e principal. Obtiveram-se três regressões com seus coeficientes de determinação para a identificação da relação mais precisa, considerando o comprimento da nervura principal (CNP), o somatório do comprimento das nervuras secundárias (SCNS) e o somatório entre o comprimento das nervuras secundárias e o comprimento da nervura principal (SCNSP), como variáveis independentes. A AFR foi considerada variável dependente nas três regressões. Observou-se que a relação entre AFR x SCNS proporcionou o maior coeficiente de determinação (0,87). A área foliar estimada pela equação obtida pela relação AFR x SCNS garantiu uma precisão de 87%, segundo a relação entre AFR x AFE (área foliar estimada). Portanto, conclui-se que a área foliar da videira cultivar BRS-Violeta pode ser estimada pela equação y = 0,2169 (SCNS)² + 5,3642 (SCNS) - 34,725, com precisão satisfatória.

The objective of this work was to evaluate combinations between lengths of secondary and main veins of leaves to estimate leaf area from grapevine 'BRS-Violeta' cultivar. Random sampling was made from 200 entire and completely developed leaves, within an area of experimental cultivation. Actual leaf area (AFR) and the lengths of secondary (left-right) and main veins were determined. Three regressions were obtained with the coefficients of determination in order to identify the most accurate relation, considering main vein length (CNP), sum of secondary vein lengths (SCNS) and sum of secondary and main vein lengths (SCNSP), as independent variables. AFR was considered dependent variable in the three regressions. Relation between AFR x SCNS resulted in a higher coefficient of determination (0.87). Leaf area estimated by the equation obtained from AFR x SCNS relation was 87% accurate, according to AFR x AFE (estimated leaf area) relation. Therefore, leaf area from grapevine 'BRS-Violeta' cultivar can be estimated by the equation: y = 0.2169 (SCNS)² + 5.3642 (SCNS) - 34.725, with adequate accuracy.

Neste artigo, por meio do acompanhamento do processo de legitimação do samba carioca durante as três primeiras décadas do século XX, a autora investiga de que maneira esse ritmo deixa, paulatinamente, os redutos negros e vai se firmando como nacional. Tal processo foi conflituoso e ambíguo por estar vinculado ao reconhecimento social do negro no Brasil. Dessa forma, se o ritmo fruído era o mesmo, seus significados e usos eram diversos. Observa-se, então, uma cisão na sensibilidade estética das elites do período no que se refere à essa música popular, o que provocará uma oscilação entre o elogio e o repúdio à mesma. Esta dupla perspectiva relaciona-se a um dos grandes dilemas dos intelectuais e governantes da época quanto à constituição do corpo político da Primeira República. Se, de um lado, os critérios darwinistas sociais eram um empecilho à plena incorporação do negro à esfera pública, de outro lado, as tradições culturais negras, preteridas como sinal de "decadência", eram já parte constituinte da expressão do nacional. Finalmente, investiga como esse dilema se traduziu na infrutífera tentativa de criação de uma simbologia popular por parte da jovem República, em busca de sua legitimidade política.

Accompanying the legitimization process of the carioca samba during the first three decades of the 20th Century, the author investigates how this rhythm gradually has gone from black ghettos to a national sphere. Such process was conflicting and ambiguous for being attached to Brazil's social recognition of black people. Therefore, if the rhythm was the same, its meaning and usage were diverse. The elites' esthetic sensitivity split during the period of time that referred to tath popular music, which has provoked an oscillation between recognition and rejection. This double perspective is related to one of the intellectuals' and governors' great dilemmas concerning the constitution of a political body in the First Republic. If, on one hand, the social Darwinist criteria were obstacles preventing the incorporation of black people in the public sphere, on the other, the black cultural traditions - set aside as a sign of "decadence" - had already become a national exponent. Finally, it is investigated how this dilemma showed no results in attempting to create a popular symbolization during the First Republic towards its political legitimacy.

À travers l'analyse du processus de légitimisation de la samba carioca pendant les trois premières décades du XXème siècle, l'auteur montre comment ce rytme quitte, peu à peu, les redoutes des Noirs pour s'affirmer sur le territoire national brésilien. Un tel processus a été ambigu et plein de conflits étant donné qu'il était lié à la reconaissance sociale du Noir au Brésil. C'est ainsi que, si ce rytme de la juissance était le même, ses significations et ses usages étaient très diversifiés. On remarque alors une scission dans la sensibilité esthétique des élites, à cette époque-là, en ce qui concerne cette musique. Cette double perspective se rapporte à l'un des grands dilemmes des intellectuels et des dirigeants, à l'époque, pour la constitution d'un corps politique sous la Première République. Si, d'un côté, les critères sociaux darwiniens étaient une entrave à la pleine intégration du Noir dans la sphère publique, d'un autre côté, les traditions culturelles noires, en tant que signes de «décadence», faisaient déjà partie intégrante de l'expréssion de la nation. Enfin, on y analyse comment ce dilemme se traduit par l'échec de l'essai de création d'une symbologie populaire par la jeune République, à la recherche de sa légitimité politique.